Επιστήμονες στην Ιταλία συνεχίζουν -με νέες μεθόδους σύγχρονης ψηφιακής τεχνολογίας- το εικονικό ξετύλιγμα και την ανάγνωση των αρχαίων παπύρων του Ηρακλείου (Ερκουλάνουμ) στην Καμπανία και, όπως ανακοίνωσαν, έκαναν νέα πρόοδο στο πολύ δύσκολο έργο τους. Οι πάπυροι του Ηρακλείου (Herculaneum scrolls), πολλοί εκ των οποίων αφορούν έργα ελλήνων φιλοσόφων, ανακαλύφθηκαν το 1752-54 σε αρχαιολογικές ανασκαφές στη λεγόμενη «βίλα των παπύρων» στο Ηράκλειο (Ερκολάνουμ) της Καμπανίας στην Ιταλία, κοντά στην Πομπηία. Η βίλα είχε καταστραφεί και θαφτεί στις στάχτες μετά την έκρηξη του γειτονικού ηφαιστείου του Βεζούβιου το 79 μ.Χ.
Σήμερα, οι περίπου 1.800 πάπυροι φυλάσσονται στο Ινστιτούτο της Γαλλίας στο Παρίσι και στο Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο στη Νάπολη. Ουσιαστικά πρόκειται για την μοναδική αρχαία ελληνο-ρωμαϊκή βιβλιοθήκη που έχει διασωθεί και η οποία βρισκόταν σε ένα μικρό δωμάτιο της ρωμαϊκής βίλας. Είναι οι πρώτοι πάπυροι με ελληνική γραφή που έχουν βρεθεί σε αρχαιολογικές ανασκαφές.
Μετά την έκρηξη του Βεζούβιου, ένα κύμα καυτού αέρα, που έφθασε τους 320 βαθμούς Κελσίου, έκαψε τους ευαίσθητους παπύρους και τους άφησε απανθρακωμένους σε κατάσταση υπερβολικά ευάλωτη για να δοκιμάσουν οι ερευνητές να τους ανοίξουν και να τους διαβάσουν, χωρίς να διακινδυνεύσουν σοβαρά να τους καταστρέψουν. Έως τώρα επιχειρήθηκε από τους αρχαιολόγους να ανοιχθούν γύρω στους 800, αλλά συχνά το εγχείρημα είχε καταστροφικά ή περιορισμένα αποτελέσματα.
Όμως οι επιστήμονες έχουν πλέον εναλλακτικές λύσεις, που είναι λιγότερο καταστροφικές. Οι φυσικοί του Ινστιτούτου Νανοτεχνολογίας του Εθνικού Συμβουλίου Ερευνών της Ιταλίας στη Ρώμη, με επικεφαλής τις Αλέσια Τσέντολα και Ίνα Μπουκρέεβα, ανακοίνωσαν ότι -χάρη στη χρήση καταλλήλων αλγορίθμων- βελτίωσαν κι άλλο την εξελιγμένη τεχνική της τομογραφίας ακτίνων-Χ αντίθεσης-φάσης (X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomography-XPCT).
Μπόρεσαν έτσι να «ξετυλίξουν» εν μέρει δύο παπύρους (τους PHerc 375 και PHerc 495) και να αρχίσουν να διαβάζουν γράμμα-γράμμα το περιεχόμενό τους. Δημιουργώντας αρχικά στο Ευρωπαϊκό Σύγχροτρο στη Γκρενόμπλ μια τομογραφική τρισδιάστατη ανακατασκευή του κάθε παπύρου, μπόρεσαν στη συνέχεια, με τη βοήθεια του νέου εξειδικευμένου λογισμικού, να απομονώσουν ένα-ένα κάθε διαδοχικό στρώμα, κατορθώνοντας στην πορεία να διαβάσουν τα γράμματα που υπάρχουν πάνω στο καμένο και παραμορφωμένο υλικό.
Έως τώρα έχουν εντοπίσει 14 σειρές με ελληνικά γράμματα, περισσότερα από κάθε άλλη φορά στο παρελθόν, μερικά από τα οποία έχουν ήδη διαβασθεί, ενώ άλλα όχι.
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